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Home MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex for Luminex^® ImmunoassaysWhat Are MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Assays?: An Overview of Luminex^® Multiplex Assay Technology

What Are MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Assays?
An Overview of Luminex^® Multiplex Assay Technology

As your research uncovers the significant role of more and more biomarkers, you need a reliable partner for quality assays and consistent performance. Our MILLIPLEX^® multiplex immunoassays are the largest portfolio of multiplex biomarker assays, based on Luminex^® xMAP^® multiplex assay technology, offering you consistent, high-quality results, so that you can do your best work while saving time, labor, and cost. Discover the benefits of these assays and see how they are being used to advance research for immunology, cancer, veterinary medicine, metabolism/endocrinology, and more.

What Is a Multiplex Assay?
What Are MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Assays and How Do They Work?
How Do The Luminex^® Detection Systems Work?
Why Choose MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Assays?
MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Workflow
Research Areas
Tips and Tricks for Running MILLIPLEX^® Assays
Related Webinars
Publications Using MILLIPLEX^® Assays

What Is a Multiplex Assay?

A multiplex assay is an assay that combines tests for various analytes in a single panel. These assays have gained popularity for their advantages of saving sample volume and time by improving workflows when compared to assays that measure a single analyte, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).

What Are MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Assays and How Do They Work?

MILLIPLEX^® multiplex assays use the proprietary Luminex^® xMAP^® bead-based multiplex assay platform. This is how these multiplex assays work:

Each magnetic MagPlex^® microsphere bead is fluorescently coded with one of 500 specific ratios of two fluorophores (each spectrally distinct set is known as a bead region, fluorescent at ex 635 nm).
Analyte-specific capture antibodies are bound to beads of a specific region, then unbound sites of the bead are blocked.
Beads are incubated with sample, washed, and then incubated with a biotinylated secondary antibody.
The unbound secondary antibody is washed away and the added streptavidin-phycoerythrin binds to the biotin of the “sandwich” immunoassay.
The Luminex^® instrument detects individual beads by region plus the streptavidin-conjugated R-Phycoerythrin (SAPE) signal, ex 525 nm, indicating the analyte is present.

Figure 1 shows a general illustration of how these assays work.

Diagram showing the MILLIPLEX® multiplex assay format based on Luminex® technology, using Luminex® magnetic beads and phycoerythrin-labeled detection antibodies.

Figure 1.MILLIPLEX^® multiplex assay format based on Luminex^® technology.

How Do The Luminex^® Detection Systems Work?

There are different detection systems for Luminex^® multiplexing platforms, including the xMAP^® INTELLIFLEX, Luminex^® 200™, and FLEXMAP 3D^® instruments. These Luminex^® instruments use a flow cytometry-based system where beads flow in sheath fluid through a cell with a red laser (635 nm) identifying the bead region and a green laser (525 nm) quantifying the bound analyte “sandwich”. The instruments integrate key xMAP^® detection components, such as lasers, optics, advanced fluidics, and high-speed digital signal processors.

Each individual microsphere is identified by its “bead signature,” (or bead region) and the result of its bioassay is quantified based on fluorescent reporter signals. We combine the power of Luminex^® acquisition software with sophisticated analysis capabilities of Belysa^® Immunoassay Curve Fitting software, integrating data acquisition and analysis seamlessly on all Luminex^® instruments. Use of Belysa^® Immunoassay Curve Fitting software affords the user advanced features not available within most data acquisition packages: auto-curve fitting functions, data hygiene rules, easy data visualization and standard curve comparison tools, with all data exportable in a variety of file formats.

The capability of adding multiplexed conjugated beads to each sample allows multiple assay results from each sample. Open architecture xMAP^® technology enables the multiplexing of many types of bioassays, reducing time, labor, and costs over traditional methods.

Find the right platform for your research in our Luminex^® multiplexing platform comparison article.

Why Choose MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Assays?

MILLIPLEX^® multiplex assays contain all the components and reagents you need to simultaneously detect multiple analytes and offer the largest selection of kits, analytes, and species across many research areas. This includes:

>130 kits to study circulating soluble proteins
>500 unique circulating analytes (not counting different species)
>25 premixed multiplex and singleplex kits to study cell signaling proteins
>120 cell signaling analytes
Multiple species, including human, research animals, companion animals, and agricultural animals
96- and 384-well formats

The benefits of multiplex protein detection assays are endless, including saving on time, cost, reagents, and sample. With this broad portfolio, researchers can:

Find assays for analytes they need
Achieve greater consistency by purchasing assays from one vendor
Retain the flexibility to meet needs now and in the future
Use one technology to quantify biomarkers in preclinical studies involving animal models and translational studies utilizing human samples
Use one technology across multiple research areas

Discover more about the benefits of MILLIPLEX^® multiplex immunoassays in this short video.

Quality in Every Kit

Most of all, the quality makes MILLIPLEX^® assays stand out. From kit development and verification to manufacturing and quality control, researchers can rely on the quality we build into each kit to produce consistent, reliable results. In addition to the assay specifications listed in the protocol, we evaluate other performance criteria during our kit development and verification process: cross-reactivity, dilutional linearity, kit stability, and sample behavior (e.g., detectability and stability). We write the protocol with assay performance and your workflow in mind, making it easy to find the information you need. Learn more about the quality built into these kits in our Quality in MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Kits article.

Custom Multiplex Assay Services

We understand that some commercial multiplex kits may not provide everything needed for your research. To help address this, we also offer custom MILLIPLEX^® multiplex assay services.

Our custom assay development services can help to:

Develop new analytes
Multiplex new analytes with existing analytes
Combine analytes from 2 or more panels into one custom panel
Design and verify assays on your samples
Bridge kits for lot-to-lot reproducibility

MILLIPLEX^® Multiplex Workflow

MILLIPLEX^® assays work seamlessly with Luminex^® multiplex assay platforms, making them easy to run and analyze. We also offer ancillary equipment to enhance your multiplex workflows, such as the Biotek^® Plate Washers.

Each MILLIPLEX^® kit includes all necessary reagents to prepare the assay to read on your Luminex^® instrument, just add your sample and water:

Selectable capture antibody-immobilized magnetic beads in solution
A premixed standard cocktail allowing you to easily rehydrate and prepare your serial dilutions
Two premixed quality control cocktails (QCs) to qualify assay performance
A premixed detection antibody cocktail designed to yield consistent analyte profiles within the panel
A prediluted optimized concentration of Streptavidin Phycoerythrin (SAPE)
An optimized serum matrix is included for kits verified for serum or plasma samples, to mimic the native sample environment
Bead diluent containing proprietary blocking reagents to reduce non-specific binding to the antibodies in the assay
10X wash buffer and assay buffer optimized specifically for the kit
96- or 384-well plate (depending on assay format) with two plate sealers

Note: MILLIPLEX^® cell signaling kits have a different format to support the use of cell lysate samples.

Note: MILLIPLEX^® antibody detection kits have a different format to measure antibodies in serum and plasma samples.

Research Areas

Multiplex immunoassays have a vast utility in a variety of research areas because they can provide a bigger picture of disease mechanisms and processes. MILLIPLEX^® multiplex assays can be used in the following research areas:

For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.

Request info on MILLIPLEX^® assays

Tips and Tricks for Running MILLIPLEX^® Assays

Have questions about running MILLIPLEX^® assays? Check out these articles for helpful tips:

MILLIPLEX^® Tips & Tricks

Related Webinars

Industry Guidelines for Multiplex Assay Selection

Publications Using MILLIPLEX^® Assays

Every year, thousands of researchers experience the benefits of MILLIPLEX^® kits, publishing in scientific journals around the world. Check out the highlighted recent publications below separated by research area to see how researchers are using MILLIPLEX^® assays.

Immunology/Inflammation

NPT1220-312, a TLR2/TLR9 Small Molecule Antagonist, Inhibits Pro-Inflammatory Signaling, Cytokine Release, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Habas A, Reddy Natala S, Bowden-Verhoek JK, Stocking EM, Price DL, Wrasidlo W, Bonhaus DW, Gill MB. 2022. International Journal of Inflammation. 2022:2337363. doi:10.1155/2022/2337363.
CTLA4-Ig mediated immunosuppression favors immunotolerance and restores graft in mouse airway transplants. Khan MA, Shamma T, Altuhami A, Ahmed HA, Assiri AM, Broering DC. 2022. Pharmacological Research. 178:106147. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106147.
Investigation of Cas9 antibodies in the human eye. Toral MA, Charlesworth CT, Ng B, Chemudupati T, Homma S, Nakauchi H, Bassuk AG, Porteus MH, Mahajan VB. 2022. Nature Communications. 13(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28674-1.
Fluctuations of aeroallergen-specific immunoglobulins and children’s allergic profiles: Japan Environment & Children’s Study of a pilot cohort. Irahara M, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Saito-Abe M, Sato M, Miyaji Y, Yang L, Mitsubuchi H, Oda M, Sanefuji M, Ohga S, et al. 2022 Feb 24. Allergology International. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2022.01.002.
The Role of Synovial Membrane in the Development of a Potential In Vitro Model of Osteoarthritis. Harvanova D, Matejova J, Slovinska L, Lacko M, Gulova S, Fecskeova LK, Janockova J, Spakova T, Rosocha J. 2022. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23(5):2475. doi:10.3390/ijms23052475.
Fortilin interacts with TGF-β1 and prevents TGF-β receptor activation. Pinkaew D, Martinez-Hackert E, Jia W, King MD, Miao F, Enger NR, Silakit R, Ramana K, Chen S-Y, Fujise K. 2022. Communications Biology. 5:157. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03112-6.
Microbial-driven preterm labour involves crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune response. Chan D, Bennett PR, Lee YS, Kundu S, Teoh TG, Adan M, Ahmed S, Brown RG, David AL, Lewis HV, et al. 2022. Nature Communications. 13(1):975. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28620-1.
Cytokines and chemokines multiplex analysis in patients with low disease activity rheumatoid arthritis. Skrzypkowska M, Stasiak M, Sakowska J, Chmiel J, Maciejewska A, Buciński A, Słomiński B, Trzonkowski P, Łuczkiewicz P. 2022. Rheumatology International. 42(4):609–619. doi:10.1007/s00296-022-05103-6.
Systemic inflammation and metabolic disturbances underlie inpatient mortality among ill children with severe malnutrition. Wen B, Njunge JM, Bourdon C, Gonzales GB, Gichuki BM, Lee D, Wishart DS, Ngari M, Chimwezi E, Thitiri J, et al. Science Advances. 8(7):eabj6779. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj6779.
GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas. Majzner RG, Ramakrishna S, Yeom KW, Patel S, Chinnasamy H, Schultz LM, Richards RM, Jiang L, Barsan V, Mancusi R, et al. 2022. Nature. 603(7903):934–941. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04489-4.
Allogeneic CD20-targeted γδ T cells exhibit innate and adaptive antitumor activities in preclinical B-cell lymphoma models. Nishimoto KP, Barca T, Azameera A, Makkouk A, Romero JM, Bai L, Brodey MM, Kennedy-Wilde J, Shao H, Papaioannou S, et al. 2022. Clinical & Translational Immunology. 11(2):e1373. doi:10.1002/cti2.1373.
Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor improves conventional steroid therapy for Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in a cohort of patients. Ao S, Gao X, Zhan J, Ai L, Li M, Su H, Tang X, Chu C, Han J, Wang F. 2022 Feb 2. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2022.01.039.
SERUM DETERMINATION OF MMP-2 AND MMP-9 ACCORDING TO THE PATTERN OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND IN ALCOHOLIC HEPATIC DISEASE. Hernandez-Barragan A, Martinez-Castillo M, Pérez-Hernández JL, la Tijera FH-D, Santana-Vargas D, Kershenobich D, Gutiérrez-Reyes G. 2022. Annals of Hepatology. 27:100640. doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100640.
Plasma Small Extracellular Vesicles with Complement Alterations in GRN/C9orf72 and Sporadic Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Bellini S, Saraceno C, Benussi L, Squitti R, Cimini S, Ricci M, Canafoglia L, Coppola C, Puoti G, Ferrari C, et al. 2022. Cells. 11(3):488. doi:10.3390/cells11030488.
Neutrophil extracellular traps and their histones promote Th17 cell differentiation directly via TLR2. Wilson AS, Randall KL, Pettitt JA, Ellyard JI, Blumenthal A, Enders A, Quah BJ, Bopp T, Parish CR, Brüstle A. 2022. Nature Communications. 13:528. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28172-4.
M-CSF supports medullary erythropoiesis and erythroid iron demand following burn injury through its activity on homeostatic iron recycling. Noel JG, Ramser SW, Pitstick L, Bonamer JP, Mackenzie B, Seu KG, Kalfa TA, Cancelas JA, Gardner JC. 2022. Scientific Reports. 12:1235. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05360-2.
Complement activation prior to symptom onset in myeloperoxidase ANCA-associated vasculitis but not proteinase 3 ANCA associated vasculitis - A Swedish biobank study. Johansson L, Berglin E, Eriksson O, Mohammad A, Dahlqvist J, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S. 2022. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 51(3):214–219. doi:10.1080/03009742.2021.1989814.
Increased lacrimal inflammatory mediators in patients with keratoconus. Moura GS, Santos A, Cenedeze MA, Hiyane MI, Camara NOS, Barbosa de Sousa L, Augusto de Oliveira L. 2021. Molecular Vision. 27:656–665.
Effect of inactivated nature‐derived microbial composition on mouse immune system. González‐Rodríguez MI, Nurminen N, Kummola L, Laitinen OH, Oikarinen S, Parajuli A, Salomaa T, Mäkelä I, Roslund MI, Sinkkonen A, et al. 2021. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease. 10(3):e579. doi:10.1002/iid3.579.
Elevated plasma complement components in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Wong C-J, Wang L, Holers VM, Frazer-Abel A, van der Maarel SM, Tawil R, Statland JM, Tapscott SJ. 2021 Dec 17. Human Molecular Genetics. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab364.
Chicory: Understanding the Effects and Effectors of This Functional Food. Pouille CL, Ouaza S, Roels E, Behra J, Tourret M, Molinié R, Fontaine J-X, Mathiron D, Gagneul D, Taminiau B, et al. 2022. Nutrients. 14(5):957. doi:10.3390/nu14050957.
Longitudinal analysis of urinary proteins in lupus nephritis – A pilot study. Carlsson E, Quist A, Davies JC, Midgley A, Smith EMD, Bruce IN, Beresford MW, Hedrich CM. 2022. Clinical Immunology. 236:108948. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2022.108948.

Cosmetics/Personal Health

Effects of topical application of a tri-herb formula on inflammatory dry-skin condition in mice with oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis. Wu XX, Siu WS, Wat CL, Chan CL, Koon CM, Li X, Cheng W, Ma H, Tsang MSM, Lam CW-K, et al. 2021. Phytomedicine. 91:153691. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153691.
In Vitro Cytotoxic Protective Effect of Alginate-Encapsulated Capsaicin Might Improve Skin Side Effects Associated with the Topical Application of Capsaicin. Hudita A, Galateanu B, Costache M, Negrei C, Ion R-M, Iancu L, Ginghina O. 2021. Molecules. 26(5):1455. doi:10.3390/molecules26051455.

Metabolism/Endocrinology

Effect of the Consumption of Alcohol-Free Beers with Different Carbohydrate Composition on Postprandial Metabolic Response. Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Pérez-Calahorra S, Gracia-Rubio I, Cebollada A, Bea AM, Fumanal A, Ferrer-Mairal A, Prieto-Martín A, Sanz-Fernández ML, Cenarro A, et al. 2022. Nutrients. 14(5):1046. doi:10.3390/nu14051046.
Loss of SUMO-specific protease 2 causes isolated glucocorticoid deficiency by blocking adrenal cortex zonal transdifferentiation. Dufour D, Dumontet T, Sahut-Barnola I, Onzon M, Pussard E, Wilmouth J, Olabe J, Lucas C, Levasseur A, Soubeyrand-Damon C, et al. 2022 Feb 10. doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.479354.
Apparent Absence of BMAL1-Dependent Skeletal Muscle–Kidney Cross Talk in Mice. Crislip GR, Wohlgemuth SE, Wolff CA, Gutierrez-Monreal MA, Douglas CM, Ebrahimi E, Cheng K-Y, Masten SH, Barral D, Bryant AJ, et al. 2022. Biomolecules. 12(2):261. doi:10.3390/biom12020261.
Pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus is characterized by reduced β-cell secretory capacity, rather than insulin resistance. Bao J, Liu D, Sun J, Su X, Cheng H, Qi L, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Ye Z, Yu X, et al. 2022. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 185:109223. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109223.
Population-centric risk prediction modeling for gestational diabetes mellitus: A machine learning approach. Kumar M, Chen L, Tan K, Ang LT, Ho C, Wong G, Soh SE, Tan KH, Chan JKY, Godfrey KM, et al. 2022. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 185:109237. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109237.
The IGFBP3/TMEM219 pathway regulates beta cell homeostasis. D’Addio F, Maestroni A, Assi E, Ben Nasr M, Amabile G, Usuelli V, Loretelli C, Bertuzzi F, Antonioli B, Cardarelli F, et al. 2022. Nature Communications. 13(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28360-2.
Exercise training worsens cardiac performance in males but does not change ejection fraction and improves hypertrophy in females in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Tóth ME, Sárközy M, Szűcs G, Dukay B, Hajdu P, Zvara Á, Puskás LG, Szebeni GJ, Ruppert Z, Csonka C, et al. 2022. Biology of Sex Differences. 13(1). doi:10.1186/s13293-022-00414-6.
Cardiometabolic associations of circulating Lipocalin-2 in adults with varying degrees of adiposity and insulin resistance. Daoud MS, Hussain SD, Al-Daghri NM. 2022. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 717:109138. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2022.109138.
Lipocalin, Resistin and Gut Microbiota-Derived Propionate Could Be Used to Predict Metabolic Bariatric Surgery Selected Outcomes. Auguet T, Lopez-Dupla M, Ramos J, Bertran L, Riesco D, Aguilar C, Ardévol A, Pinent M, Sabench F, Del Castillo D, et al. 2022. Processes. 10(1):143. doi:10.3390/pr10010143.
Pancreatic and gut hormone responses to mixed meal test in post-chronic pancreatitis diabetes mellitus. Qi L, Wei Q, Ni M, Liu D, Bao J, Lv Y, Xia H, Wang Q, Wang L, Su J, et al. 2022. Diabetes & Metabolism. 48(3):101316. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101316.
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha sumoylation modulates white adipose tissue stores. Liu Y-Y, Jiang J, Ke S, Milanesi A, Abe K, Gastelum G, Li J, Brent GA. 2021. Scientific Reports. 11(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03491-6.

Aging/Myokine

Metformin Enhances Autophagy and Normalizes Mitochondrial Function to Alleviate Aging-Associated Inflammation. Bharath LP, Agrawal M, McCambridge G, Nicholas DA, Hasturk H, Liu J, Jiang K, Liu R, Guo Z, Deeney J, et al. 2020. Cell Metabolism. 32(1):44-55.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.015.
Myokines as biomarkers of frailty and cardiovascular disease risk in females. Boreskie KF, Oldfield CJ, Hay JL, Moffatt TL, Hiebert BM, Arora RC, Duhamel TA. 2020. Experimental Gerontology. 133:110859. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.110859.
Aging-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by ceramide signaling inhibits antitumor T cell response. Vaena S, Chakraborty P, Lee HG, Janneh AH, Kassir MF, Beeson G, Hedley Z, Yalcinkaya A, Sofi MH, Li H, et al. 2021. Cell Reports. 35(5):109076. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109076.

Cardiovascular

Inhaled diesel exhaust particles result in microbiome-related systemic inflammation and altered cardiovascular disease biomarkers in C57Bl/6 male mice. Phillippi DT, Daniel S, Pusadkar V, Youngblood VL, Nguyen KN, Azad RK, McFarlin BK, Lund AK. 2022. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 19(1). doi:10.1186/s12989-022-00452-3.
PM_2.5 exposure associated with microbiota gut-brain axis: Multi-omics mechanistic implications from the BAPE study. Li T, Fang J, Tang S, Du H, Zhao L, Wang Y, Deng F, Liu Y, Du Y, Cui L, et al. 2022. The Innovation. 3(2):100213. doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100213.
Immune-Mediated Glycocalyx Remodeling in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Goonewardena SN, Grushko OG, Wells J, Herty L, Rosenson RS, Haus JM, Hummel SL. 2021 Nov 18. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. doi:10.1007/s10557-021-07288-7.
Stressor-Induced “Inflammaging” of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Nlrp3-Mediated Pro-inflammatory Auto-Loop. Herrmann J, Xia M, Gummi MR, Greco A, Schacke A, van der Giet M, Tölle M, Schuchardt M. 2021. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 8. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.752305.
Higher dose of resveratrol elevated cardiovascular disease risk biomarker levels in overweight older adults – A pilot study. Mankowski RT, You L, Buford TW, Leeuwenburgh C, Manini TM, Schneider S, Qiu P, Anton SD. 2020. Experimental Gerontology. 131:110821. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110821.
Air pollution and high-intensity interval exercise: Implications to anti-inflammatory balance, metabolome and cardiovascular responses. Cruz R, Koch S, Matsuda M, Marquezini M, Sforça ML, Lima-Silva AE, Saldiva P, Koehle M, Bertuzzi R. 2022. Science of The Total Environment. 809:151094. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151094.
Physical activity intervention improved the number and functionality of endothelial progenitor cells in low birth weight children. Souza LV, De Meneck F, Fernandes T, Oliveira EM, Franco M do C. 2020. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 30(1):60–70. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.08.011.

Veterinary Medicine/Animal Health

Multiplex Cytokine Analyses in Ear Canals of Dogs Suggest Involvement of IL-8 Chemokine in Atopic Otitis and Otodectic Mange—Preliminary Results. Lecru L-A, Combarros D, Moog F, Marinovic L, Kondratjeva J, Amalric N, Pressanti C, Cadiergues MC. 2022. Animals. 12(5):575. doi:10.3390/ani12050575.
Cas9-specific immune responses compromise local and systemic AAV CRISPR therapy in multiple dystrophic canine models. Hakim CH, Kumar SRP, Pérez-López DO, Wasala NB, Zhang D, Yue Y, Teixeira J, Pan X, Zhang K, Million ED, et al. 2021. Nature Communications. 12(1):6769. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26830-7.
Minimal Effects of Intravenous Administration of Xenogeneic Adipose Derived Stem Cells on Organ Function in a Porcine 40% TBSA Burn Model. Heard TC, Gómez BI, Saathoff ME, Duarte J, Dubick MA, Bynum JA, Christy RJ, Burmeister DM. 2021. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 42(5):870–879. doi:10.1093/jbcr/irab094.
Neurotrophic Factors Secreted by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Progenitors Promote Retinal Survival and Preservation in an Adult Porcine Neuroretina Model. Rettinger CL, Kaini RR, Burke TA, Wang H-C. 2021. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 37(5):301–312. doi:10.1089/jop.2020.0088.
Autogenous Arteriovenous Bundle Implantation Maintains Viability Without Increased Immune Response in Large Porcine Bone Allotransplants. Houben RH, Thaler R, Friedrich PF, Shin AY, van Wijnen AJ, Bishop AT. 2021. Transplantation Proceedings. 53(1):417–426. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.07.020.
Use of the MILLIPLEX^® bovine cytokine/chemokine multiplex assay to identify Mycobacterium bovis-infection biomarkers in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Smith K, Kleynhans L, Snyders C, Bernitz N, Cooper D, van Helden P, Warren RM, Miller MA, Goosen WJ. 2021. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 231:110152. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110152.
Short communication: Characterizing ovine serum stress biomarkers during endotoxemia. Naylor D, Sharma A, Li Z, Monteith G, Sullivan T, Canovas A, Mallard BA, Baes C, Karrow NA. 2020. Journal of Dairy Science. 103(6):5501–5508. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17718.
Metabolic variables of obese dogs with insulin resistance supplemented with yeast beta-glucan. Ferreira CS, Vendramini THA, Amaral AR, Rentas MF, Ernandes MC, da Silva FL, Oba PM, de Oliveira Roberti Filho F, Brunetto MA. 2022. BMC Veterinary Research. 18(1). doi:10.1186/s12917-021-03106-2.
Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Modulates Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles of Mononuclear Cells for Efficient Dissemination to Target Organs. Pavulraj S, Kamel M, Stephanowitz H, Liu F, Plendl J, Osterrieder N, Azab W. 2020. Viruses. 12(9):999. doi:10.3390/v12090999.
Cytokine tear film profile determination in eyes of healthy dogs and those with inflammatory periocular and skin disorders. Martinez PS, Pucheu CM, Liu CC, Carter RT. 2020. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 221:110012. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110012.

Virology

The effect of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus infection on cytokine production and gene expression in BV2 microglial cells. Ding X-M, Wang Y-F, Lyu Y, Zou Y, Wang X, Ruan S-M, Wu W-H, Liu H, Sun Y, Zhang R-L, et al. 2022. Virus Research. 312:198716. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198716.
Three doses of prototypic SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine induce cross-protection against its variants of concern. Xie T, Lu S, He Z, Liu H, Wang J, Tang C, Yang T, Yu W, Li H, Yang Y, et al. 2022. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 7:61. doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00920-4.
Adaptive NK cells undergo a dynamic modulation in response to human cytomegalovirus and recruit T cells in in vitro migration assays. Basílio-Queirós D, Venturini L, Luther-Wolf S, Dammann E, Ganser A, Stadler M, Falk CS, Weissinger EM. 2022 Feb 17. Bone Marrow Transplantation. doi:10.1038/s41409-022-01603-y.
Elevated Cytokine Levels in Plasma of Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Do Not Contribute to Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Permeability. Kovacs-Kasa A, Zaied AA, Leanhart S, Koseoglu M, Sridhar S, Lucas R, Fulton DJ, Vazquez JA, Annex BH. Microbiology Spectrum. 10(1):e01671-21. doi:10.1128/spectrum.01671-21.
Case series of HIV SARS-CoV-2 co-infection in Chinese adults. Ng RW-Y, Wong C-K, Lui GC-Y, Tso EY-K, Chen Z, Tsang OT-Y, Boon SS, Lai CK-C, Fung KS-C, Yeung AC-M, et al. 2022. Journal of Clinical Virology Plus. 2(1):100062. doi:10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100062.
A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Kim GN, Choi J, Wu K, Saeedian N, Yang E, Park H, Woo S-J, Lim G, Kim S-G, Eo S-K, et al. 2021. Shih S-R, editor. PLOS Pathogens. 17(12):e1010092. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092.
Deep dissection of the antiviral immune profile of patients with COVID-19. Atanackovic D, Avila SV, Lutfi F, de Miguel-Perez D, Fan X, Sanchez-Petitto G, Vander Mause E, Siglin J, Baddley J, Mannuel HD, et al. 2021. Communications Biology. 4(1):1–12. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02852-1.
Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to double-negative (CD27− IgD−) B cell subset numbers. Cervantes-Díaz R, Sosa-Hernández VA, Torres-Ruíz J, Romero-Ramírez S, Cañez-Hernández M, Pérez-Fragoso A, Páez-Franco JC, Meza-Sánchez DE, Pescador-Rojas M, Sosa-Hernández VA, et al. 2022. Inflammation Research. 71(1):131–140. doi:10.1007/s00011-021-01525-3.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease with freezing of gait: an exploratory analysis. Hatcher-Martin JM, McKay JL, Pybus AF, Sommerfeld B, Howell JC, Goldstein FC, Wood L, Hu WT, Factor SA. 2021. npj Parkinson’s Disease. 7(1). doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00247-x.
An aluminum hydroxide:CpG adjuvant enhances protection elicited by a SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain vaccine in aged mice. Nanishi E, Borriello F, O’Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Haupt RE, Seo H-S, van Haren SD, Cavazzoni CB, Brook B, et al. 2022. Science Translational Medicine. 14(629). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abj5305.
Elevated cytokines and chemokines in peripheral blood of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treated with high-titer convalescent plasma. Fanning SL, Korngold R, Yang Z, Goldgirsh K, Park S, Zenreich J, Baker M, McKiernan P, Tan M, Zhang B, et al. 2021. Shih S-R, editor. PLOS Pathogens. 17(10):e1010025. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010025.
Serum IL-18 Is a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Severe Dengue Disease Progression. Nanda JD, Jung C-J, Satria RD, Jhan M-K, Shen T-J, Tseng P-C, Wang Y-T, Ho T-S, Lin C-F. 2021. Journal of Immunology Research. 2021:7652569. doi:10.1155/2021/7652569.
HIV-2 Vpx neutralizes host restriction factor SAMHD1 to promote viral pathogenesis. Mohamed A, Bakir T, Al-Hawel H, Al-Sharif I, Bakheet R, Kouser L, Murugaiah V, Al-Mozaini M. 2021. Scientific Reports. 11(1):20984. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00415-2.
Adaptive immunity and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern following vaccination in patients with cancer: the CAPTURE study. Fendler A, Shepherd STC, Au L, Wilkinson KA, Wu M, Byrne F, Cerrone M, Schmitt AM, Joharatnam-Hogan N, Shum B, et al. 2021 Oct 27. Nature Cancer. doi:10.1038/s43018-021-00274-w.
Single-Dose Intranasal Administration of AdCOVID Elicits Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Fully Protects Mice from Lethal Challenge. King RG, Silva-Sanchez A, Peel JN, Botta D, Dickson AM, Pinto AK, Meza-Perez S, Allie SR, Schultz MD, Liu M, et al. 2021. Vaccines. 9(8):881. doi:10.3390/vaccines9080881.
Latent tuberculosis co-infection is associated with heightened levels of humoral, cytokine and acute phase responses in seropositive SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rajamanickam A, Kumar NP, Padmapriyadarsini C, Nancy A, Selvaraj N, Karunanithi K, Munisankar S, Bm S, Renji RM, Ambu TC, et al. 2021. The Journal of Infection. 83(3):339–346. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.07.029.

Neuroscience

Fornix volumetric increase and microglia morphology contribute to spatial and recognition-like memory decline in ageing male mice. Cárdenas-Tueme M, Trujillo-Villarreal LÁ, Ramírez-Amaya V, Garza-Villarreal EA, Camacho-Morales A, Reséndez-Pérez D. 2022. NeuroImage. 252:119039. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119039.
Experimental Arthritis Inhibits Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice. Rusznák K, Horváth ÁI, Pohli-Tóth K, Futácsi A, Kemény Á, Kiss G, Helyes Z, Czéh B. 2022. Cells. 11(5):791. doi:10.3390/cells11050791.
Serum Thioredoxin-80 is associated with age, ApoE4, and neuropathological biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: a potential early sign of AD. Goikolea J, Gerenu G, Daniilidou M, Mangialasche F, Mecocci P, Ngandu T, Rinne J, Solomon A, Kivipelto M, Cedazo-Minguez A, et al. 2022. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy. 14:37. doi:10.1186/s13195-022-00979-9.
Stress recovery from virtual exposure to a brown (desert) environment versus a green environment. Yin J, Bratman GN, Browning MHEM, Spengler JD, Olvera-Alvarez HA. 2022 Feb. Journal of Environmental Psychology.:101775. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101775.
The Neuroinflammatory Acute Phase Response in Parkinsonian-Related Disorders. Ayton S, Hall S, Janelidze S, Kalinowski P, Palmqvist S, Belaidi AA, Roberts B, Roberts A, Stomrud E, Bush AI, et al. 2022 Feb 8. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. doi:10.1002/mds.28958.
Fingolimod ameliorates cognitive impairments in a phencyclidine-induced rat model of schizophrenia. Li T, Yu X, Qi X, Wei L, Zhao L, Deng W, Guo W, Wang Q, Ma X, Hu X, et al. 2022 Feb 4. doi:10.22541/au.164397905.52210367/v1.
Neurobehavioral and neurochemical effects of perinatal arsenite exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. Flanigan TJ, Ferguson SA, Law CD, Rosas-Hernandez H, Cuevas-Martinez E, Fitzpatrick S, Shen AN. 2022. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 90:107059. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107059.
Serum amyloid P component level is associated with clinical response to escitalopram treatment in patients with major depressive disorder. Yang J, Zhou J, Zhou J, Wang H, Sun Z, Zhu X, He Y, Wong AHC, Liu F, Wang G. 2022. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 146:172–178. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.051.
Amelioration of Alzheimer’s Disease by Gut-Pancreas-Liver-Brain Interaction in an App Knock-In Mouse Model. Minamisawa M, Sato Y, Ishiguro E, Taniai T, Sakamoto T, Kawai G, Saito T, Saido TC. 2021. Life (Basel, Switzerland). 12(1):34. doi:10.3390/life12010034.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease with freezing of gait: an exploratory analysis. Hatcher-Martin JM, McKay JL, Pybus AF, Sommerfeld B, Howell JC, Goldstein FC, Wood L, Hu WT, Factor SA. 2021. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease. 7(1). doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00247-x.
Expression of immune-related proteins and their association with neuropeptides in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa. Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Jowik K, Paszynska E, Dutkiewicz A, Słopien A, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M. 2022. Neuropeptides. 91:102214. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2021.102214.
Parkinson’s Disease-Related Biomarkers That May Appear in Amphetamine Abusers. Al-Rafiah A, Magadmi R, Al-Kaabi A, Alsomali N. 2021. BioMed Research International. 2021:e3081891. doi:10.1155/2021/3081891.
Comparison of CSF biomarkers in Down syndrome and autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease: a cross-sectional study. Fagan A, Henson R, Li Y, Boerwinkle A, Xiong C, Bateman R, Goate A, Ances B, Doran E, Christian B, et al. 2021. The Lancet Neurology. 20(8):615–626. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00139-3.
Inflammatory markers and BDNF in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Kaminska M, O’Sullivan M, Mery VP, Lafontaine AL, Robinson A, Gros P, Martin JG, Benedetti A, Kimoff RJ. 2022. Sleep Medicine. 90:258–261. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.11.018.

Cancer

Combined spinal and general anesthesia attenuate tumor promoting effects of surgery. An experimental animal study. Inoue GNC, Pimenta R, Camargo JA, Viana NI, Guimarães VR, Srougi M, Nahas WC, Leite KRM, Reis ST. 2022. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 75:103398. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103398.
A trispecific antibody targeting HER2 and T cells inhibits breast cancer growth via CD4 cells. Seung E, Xing Z, Wu L, Rao E, Cortez-Retamozo V, Ospina B, Chen L, Beil C, Song Z, Zhang B, et al. 2022. Nature. 603(7900):328–334. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04439-0.
Multi-omics data integration reveals metabolome as the top predictor of the cervicovaginal microenvironment. Bokulich NA, Łaniewski P, Adamov A, Chase DM, Caporaso JG, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. 2022. Segata N, editor. PLOS Computational Biology. 18(2):e1009876. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009876.
Tumours modulate the systemic vascular response to anti‐angiogenic therapy. Hargreaves A, Barry ST, Bigley A, Kendrew J, Price S. 2022 Mar 2. Journal of Applied Toxicology. doi:10.1002/jat.4301.
Allogeneic CD20-targeted γδ T cells exhibit innate and adaptive antitumor activities in preclinical B-cell lymphoma models. Nishimoto KP, Barca T, Azameera A, Makkouk A, Romero JM, Bai L, Brodey MM, Kennedy-Wilde J, Shao H, Papaioannou S, et al. 2022. Clinical & Translational Immunology. 11(2):e1373. doi:10.1002/cti2.1373.

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