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Testosterone propionate is the esterified form of testosterone that is most commonly used in clinical applications for the treatment of hypogonadism, oligospermia, and impotence. 17β-hydroxyl group of propionate is esterified to get this form. It is a fast and short-acting form when compared to enanthate and cypionate forms, which are long-acting esters more commonly used in androgen replacement therapies.

Testosterone propionate has been used:

• to determine the effect of testosterone on the uptake of certain amino acids, such as isoleucine and α-(methylamino)isobutyric acid
• in a study to understand the effects of testosterone on brain aromatase activity in neonatal quail brain
• for testosterone treatment of Celf1 knockout mice in a study to investigate the upregulation of aromatase activity in association with hypogonadism
• to investigate the ontogeny of aromatase-expressing neurons in Japanese quail brain
• to study the effects of in vivo administration of testosterone propionate on fluid reabsorption in the efferent ducts of rat.

Testosterone is the major circulating androgen in men and is mainly produced by the testis. A small amount is secreted by the adrenal gland. It is produced from cholesterol in the Leydig cells. Testosterone is metabolized to dihydrotestosterone, a potent androgen that associates with a cytoplasmic receptor protein, to form a complex. This complex is activated and transported into the nucleus, where it triggers several biological responses. It mainly participates in the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and at puberty.

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