W508454

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Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to vascular remodelling and endothelial dysfunction in angiotensin II-induced hypertension.

R Hernanz et al.

British journal of pharmacology, 172(12), 3159-3176 (2015-02-26)

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling contributes to inflammatory cardiovascular diseases, but its role in hypertension and the associated vascular damage is not known. We investigated whether TLR4 activation contributed to angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertension and the associated vascular structural, mechanical

Apocynin regulates cytokine production of CD8(+) T cells.

Seung-Joo Nam et al.

Clinical and experimental medicine, 14(3), 261-268 (2013-05-24)

Apocynin is known to suppress the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting NADPH oxidases, specifically phagocytic NADPH oxidase (PHOX or NOX2). Given the pro-inflammatory effects of ROS, apocynin has been studied extensively for its use as a therapeutic

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization: carbon nanohorn-induced reactive oxygen species generation and toxicity by this neglected mechanism.

Mei Yang et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 280(1), 117-126 (2014-08-12)

Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cytotoxic effects of carbon nanomaterials is important for their future biomedical applications. Carbon nanotubular materials induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes cell death; however, the exact details of this

Inhibitory effect of apocynin on methylglyoxal-mediated glycation in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.

Kwang Sik Suh et al.

Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 35(4), 350-357 (2014-07-22)

Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive metabolite of hyperglycemia, can enhance protein glycation, oxidative stress or inflammation. The present study investigated the effects of apocynin on the mechanisms associated with MG toxicity in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Pretreatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with

Microglial CR3 activation triggers long-term synaptic depression in the hippocampus via NADPH oxidase.

Jingfei Zhang et al.

Neuron, 82(1), 195-207 (2014-03-19)

Complement receptor 3 (CR3) activation in microglia is involved in neuroinflammation-related brain disorders and pruning of neuronal synapses. Hypoxia, often observed together with neuroinflammation in brain trauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases, is thought to exacerbate inflammatory responses and synergistically enhance brain

Molecular imaging reveals rapid reduction of endothelial activation in early atherosclerosis with apocynin independent of antioxidative properties.

Elham Khanicheh et al.

Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 33(9), 2187-2192 (2013-08-03)

Antioxidative drugs continue to be developed for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Apocynin is an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties. We used contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging to assess whether short-term apocynin therapy in atherosclerosis reduces vascular oxidative

Mice lacking NOX2 are hyperphagic and store fat preferentially in the liver.

Sheila R Costford et al.

American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 306(12), E1341-E1353 (2014-04-25)

Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important contributor to the development of insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity and high-fat feeding lead to infiltration of immune cells into metabolic tissues, promoting inflammation and insulin resistance. We

Adrenergic and serotonin receptors affect retinal superoxide generation in diabetic mice: relationship to capillary degeneration and permeability.

Yunpeng Du et al.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 29(5), 2194-2204 (2015-02-11)

Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. We studied the role of adrenergic and serotonin receptors in the generation of superoxide by retina and 661W retinal cells in high glucose and of the α1-adrenergic

Inhibition of human vascular NADPH oxidase by apocynin derived oligophenols.

Mauricio Mora-Pale et al.

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 17(14), 5146-5152 (2009-06-16)

Enzymatic oxidation of apocynin, which may mimic in vivo metabolism, affords a large number of oligomers (apocynin oxidation products, AOP) that inhibit vascular NADPH oxidase. In vitro studies of NADPH oxidase activity were performed to identify active inhibitors, resulting in

ROS-mediated autophagy induced by dysregulation of lipid metabolism plays a protective role in colorectal cancer cells treated with gambogic acid.

Haiyuan Zhang et al.

PloS one, 9(5), e96418-e96418 (2014-05-09)

Gambogic acid (GA), the main active component of gamboge resin, has potent antitumor activity both in vivo and in vitro. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that GA could initiate autophagy in colorectal cancer

NADPH-Oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species are required for cytoskeletal organization, proper localization of E-cadherin and cell motility during zebrafish epiboly.

Mario A Mendieta-Serrano et al.

Free radical biology & medicine, 130, 82-98 (2018-10-21)

Cell movements are essential for morphogenesis during animal development. Epiboly is the first morphogenetic process in zebrafish in which cells move en masse to thin and spread the deep and enveloping cell layers of the blastoderm over the yolk cell.

4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone-mediated long-lasting memory recovery, hippocampal neuroprotection, and reduction of glial cell activation after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats.

Cássia Valério Romanini et al.

Journal of neuroscience research, 93(8), 1240-1249 (2015-02-24)

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone (apocynin) is a naturally occurring methoxy-substitute catechol that is isolated from the roots of Apocynin cannabinum (Canadian hemp) and Picrorhiza kurroa (Scrophulariaceae). It has been previously shown to have antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in several models of neurodegenerative disease

Carbamazepine attenuates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through Akt inhibition in activated microglial cells.

Chen-Hsu Wang et al.

Pharmaceutical biology, 52(11), 1451-1459 (2014-07-16)

Abstract Background: Carbamazepine, which was developed primarily for the treatment of epilepsy, is now also useful for the treatment of non-epileptic disorders and inflammatory hyperalgesia. However, the mechanism of its anti-neuroinflammatory action remains poorly understood. This study elucidates the anti-neuroinflammatory

Toll-like receptor 4 upregulation by angiotensin II contributes to hypertension and vascular dysfunction through reactive oxygen species production.

Priscila R De Batista et al.

PloS one, 9(8), e104020-e104020 (2014-08-06)

Hypertension is considered as a low-grade inflammatory disease, with adaptive immunity being an important mediator of this pathology. TLR4 may have a role in the development of several cardiovascular diseases; however, little is known about its participation in hypertension. We

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates indoxyl sulfate-induced cellular senescence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Masayuki Koizumi et al.

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 21(9), 904-916 (2014-04-15)

Vascular senescence, which is accelerated in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributes to the development of cardio-renal syndrome, and various uremic toxins may play important roles in the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We recently reported that indoxyl sulfate (IS)

Downregulation of blood-brain barrier phenotype by proinflammatory cytokines involves NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation: consequences for interendothelial adherens and tight junctions.

Keith D Rochfort et al.

PloS one, 9(7), e101815-e101815 (2014-07-06)

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is an integral feature of neurological disorders and involves the action of multiple proinflammatory cytokines on the microvascular endothelial cells lining cerebral capillaries. There is still however, considerable ambiguity throughout the scientific literature regarding the mechanistic

Contribution of reactive oxygen species to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, vasomotor dysfunction, and microhemorrhage in aged Tg2576 mice.

Byung Hee Han et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(8), E881-E890 (2015-02-13)

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) within walls of cerebral arteries and is an important cause of intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with and without Alzheimer's Disease (AD).

Regulation of cardiac miR-208a, an inducer of obesity, by rapamycin and nebivolol.

Rukhsana Gul et al.

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 23(11), 2251-2259 (2015-09-19)

Resistance to obesity is observed in rodents and humans treated with rapamycin (Rap) or nebivolol (Neb). Because cardiac miR-208a promotes obesity, this study tested whether the modes of actions of Rap and Neb involve inhibition of miR-208a. Mouse cardiomyocyte HL-1

The NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (acetovanillone) induces oxidative stress.

Riganti C, et al.

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 212(3), 179-187 (2006)

The NADPH oxidase Nox2 regulates VEGFR1/CSF-1R-mediated microglial chemotaxis and promotes early postnatal infiltration of phagocytes in the subventricular zone of the mouse cerebral cortex.

Aurélia Lelli et al.

Glia, 61(9), 1542-1555 (2013-07-10)

The phagocyte NADPH oxidase Nox2 generates superoxide ions implicated in the elimination of microorganisms and the redox control of inflammatory signaling. However, the role of Nox2 in phagocyte functions unrelated to immunity or pathologies is unknown. During development, oriented cell

Atorvastatin enhanced nitric oxide release and reduced blood pressure, nitroxidative stress and rantes levels in hypertensive rats with diabetes.

R P Mason et al.

Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 66(1), 65-72 (2015-02-27)

Clinical trials have shown that atorvastatin benefits patients with diabetes even with normal baseline LDL levels. We hypothesized that atorvastatin improves endothelial cell (EC) function and reduces inflammation in hypertensive rats with diabetes. Non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic male

Pioglitazone reduces angiotensin II-induced COX-2 expression through inhibition of ROS production and ET-1 transcription in vascular cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Jose V Pérez-Girón et al.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 306(11), H1582-H1593 (2014-04-15)

Glitazones have anti-inflammatory properties by interfering with the transcription of proinflammatory genes, such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and with ROS production, which are increased in hypertension. This study analyzed whether pioglitazone modulates COX-2 expression in hypertension by interfering with ROS and

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase protects against homocysteine-induced apoptosis of osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells by regulating the expressions of NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) and Nox2.

Ayumu Takeno et al.

Bone, 77, 135-141 (2015-05-03)

Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) level is associated with the risk of osteoporotic fracture. While Hcy increases oxidative stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation ameliorates it. This study aimed to investigate whether Hcy induces apoptosis of osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells through regulating

Impaired resolution of inflammation in the Endoglin heterozygous mouse model of chronic colitis.

Madonna R Peter et al.

Mediators of inflammation, 2014, 767185-767185 (2014-08-13)

Endoglin is a coreceptor of the TGF-β superfamily predominantly expressed on the vascular endothelium and selective subsets of immune cells. We previously demonstrated that Endoglin heterozygous (Eng (+/-)) mice subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) developed persistent gut inflammation and

Galectin-3, a biomarker linking oxidative stress and inflammation with the clinical outcomes of patients with atherothrombosis.

Julio Madrigal-Matute et al.

Journal of the American Heart Association, 3(4) (2014-08-07)

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) participates in different mechanisms involved in atherothrombosis, such as inflammation, proliferation, or macrophage chemotaxis. Thus, there have been committed intensive efforts to elucidate the function of Gal-3 in cardiovascular (CV) diseases. The role of Gal-3 as a circulating

Improvement of pro-oxidant capacity of protocatechuic acid by esterification.

Maria Luiza Zeraik et al.

PloS one, 9(10), e110277-e110277 (2014-10-24)

Pro-oxidant effects of phenolic compounds are usually correlated to the one-electron redox potential of the phenoxyl radicals. Here we demonstrated that, besides their oxidizability, hydrophobicity can also be a decisive factor. We found that esterification of protocatechuic acid (P0) provoked

Volatile composition of aged wine in used barrels of French oak and of American oak.

Cerdan TG, et al.

Food Research International, 35(7), 603-610 (2002)

NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, improves renal glutathione status in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: a comparison with melatonin.

Katarzyna Winiarska et al.

Chemico-biological interactions, 218, 12-19 (2014-05-07)

Apocynin (4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyacetophenone) is the most commonly used NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor. However, its application raises serious controversies, as the compound has been reported to reveal some prooxidative effects. The aim of this study was to elucidate apocynin action on glutathione

Enhancement of neutrophil autophagy by an IVIG preparation against multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as drug-sensitive strains.

Hiroshi Itoh et al.

Journal of leukocyte biology, 98(1), 107-117 (2015-04-25)

Autophagy occurs in human neutrophils after the phagocytosis of multidrug-resistant bacteria and drug-sensitive strains, including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The present study detected autophagy by immunoblot analysis of LC3B conversion, by confocal scanning microscopic examination of LC3B aggregate formation

Activin and NADPH-oxidase in preeclampsia: insights from in vitro and murine studies.

Rebecca Lim et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 212(1), 86-86 (2014-07-22)

Clinical management of preeclampsia has remained unchanged for almost 5 decades. We now understand that maternal endothelial dysfunction likely arises because of placenta-derived vasoactive factors. Activin A is one such antiangiogenic factor that is released by the placenta and that

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