Extracellular ASC exacerbated the recurrent ischemic stroke in an NLRP3-dependent manner.

Using a photothrombotic mouse model of single stroke, we show that a single stroke onset increases the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), NLR family CARD domain containing protein 4 (NLRC4), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes, as well as the mRNA levels of NLRP3. Next, using a photothrombotic mouse model of recurrent stroke, we found that recurrent strokes increased the activation of NLRP3, exacerbated the brain damage and the pro-inflammatory response in wild type (WT) mice, but not in NLRP3 knockout (NLRP3 KO) mice. Additionally, we found that apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) protein level surrounding the infarct area was comparatively increased, but that ASC specks outside of microglia in both the ipsilateral and contralateral of stroke site were decreased in NLRP3 KO mice relative to wild-type (WT) controls, and the number of ASC specks surrounding the second infarct area was positively correlated to the damage scores. Mechanistically, we found that recombinant ASC (RecASC) activated NLRP3 and induced pro-inflammatory responses, exacerbating the outcome of ischemic stroke, in WT mice, but not in NLRP3 KO mice. We therefore conclude that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by two attacks of stroke, which act together with ASC to exacerbate recurrent strokes.