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  • Lignocellulosic ethanol production at high-gravity: challenges and perspectives.

Lignocellulosic ethanol production at high-gravity: challenges and perspectives.

Trends in biotechnology (2013-11-16)
Rakesh Koppram, Elia Tomás-Pejó, Charilaos Xiros, Lisbeth Olsson
PMID24231155
ABSTRACT

In brewing and ethanol-based biofuel industries, high-gravity fermentation produces 10-15% (v/v) ethanol, resulting in improved overall productivity, reduced capital cost, and reduced energy input compared to processing at normal gravity. High-gravity technology ensures a successful implementation of cellulose to ethanol conversion as a cost-competitive process. Implementation of such technologies is possible if all process steps can be performed at high biomass concentrations. This review focuses on challenges and technological efforts in processing at high-gravity conditions and how these conditions influence the physiology and metabolism of fermenting microorganisms, the action of enzymes, and other process-related factors. Lignocellulosic materials add challenges compared to implemented processes due to high inhibitors content and the physical properties of these materials at high gravity.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description
E-056
Supelco
Ethanol-20 (10 ampules/kit), 20 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-035
Supelco
Ethanol-25, 25 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-034
Supelco
Ethanol Calibration Kit, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-053
Supelco
Ethanol-500, 500 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-036
Supelco
Ethanol-400 (10 ampules/kit), 400 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
48075
Supelco
Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol
2858
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol Fixative 80% v/v, suitable for fixing solution (blood films)
E2385
Supelco
Ethanol standards 10% (v/v), 10 % (v/v) in H2O, analytical standard
676829
Sigma-Aldrich
Reagent Alcohol, anhydrous, ≤0.005% water
362808
Sigma-Aldrich
Reagent Alcohol, reagent grade
277649
Sigma-Aldrich
Reagent Alcohol, anhydrous, ≤0.003% water
1012772
USP
Dehydrated Alcohol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
270741
Sigma-Aldrich
Reagent Alcohol, suitable for HPLC
PHR1070
Supelco
Dehydrated Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
02483
Supelco
Ethanol, standard for GC
493538
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, meets USP testing specifications
493511
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, ACS spectrophotometric grade, 95.0%
187380
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl alcohol, denatured, reagent grade
459836
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, anhydrous, ≥99.5%
40347
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, absolute, semiconductor grade PURANAL™ (Honeywell 17833), sales not in Germany, ≥99.8% (vol.)
51976
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, ≥99.8%, (absolute alcohol, without additive, A15 o1)
29221
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, tested according to Ph. Eur.
E-045
Supelco
Ethanol-40, 40 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-029
Supelco
Ethanol-50, 50 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-032
Supelco
Ethanol-200 (10 ampules/kit), 200 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-031
Supelco
Ethanol-100 (10 ampules/kit), 100 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-033
Supelco
Ethanol-300, 300 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-030
Supelco
Ethanol-80, 80 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-040
Supelco
Ethanol-10, 10 mg/dL in H2O, pack of 10 × 1.2 mL ampules, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
E-041
Supelco
Ethanol-150, 150 mg/dL in H2O, ampule of 10 × 1.2 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®