Kieselguhr

Kieselguhr (diatomite, infusorial earth) is the fossilized skeletons of diatom algae. It is mainly made up of silica with many unique features like high porosity, small particle size, low density and thermal conductivity. It is primarily utilized as a source to manufacture filter aids, fire-bricks and adsorbents. Kieselguhr is the main component of the Berkefeld filter used for purifying water. It is also utilized in the filtration process of beer brewing.

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Kieselguhr (infusorial earth) may be used in the following processes:

• Estimation of total fats.
• As a catalyst in the synthesis of ketones and aldehydes via oxidation of corresponding oximes with manganese dioxide.
• Green synthesis of β-nitroalkenes via Michael addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, by a grinding method in the absence of solvent and catalyst.
• Preparation of KMnO₄-kieselguhr reagent for use in the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes with shorter reaction time.

Used for greener amide bond formation from amines and carboxylic acids after thermal activation at high temperature.

Clean, reusable and low cost heterogeneous catalyst for amide synthesis