Development of surrogate correlation models to predict trace organic contaminant oxidation and microbial inactivation during ozonation.

Development of surrogate correlation models to predict trace organic contaminant oxidation and microbial inactivation during ozonation.

Water research (2012-10-16)

Daniel Gerrity, Sujanie Gamage, Darryl Jones, Gregory V Korshin, Yunho Lee, Aleksey Pisarenko, Rebecca A Trenholm, Urs von Gunten, Eric C Wert, Shane A Snyder

PMID23062789

ABSTRACT

The performance of ozonation in wastewater depends on water quality and the ability to form hydroxyl radicals (·OH) to meet disinfection or contaminant transformation objectives. Since there are no on-line methods to assess ozone and ·OH exposure in wastewater, many agencies are now embracing indicator frameworks and surrogate monitoring for regulatory compliance. Two of the most promising surrogate parameters for ozone-based treatment of secondary and tertiary wastewater effluents are differential UV(254) absorbance (ΔUV(254)) and total fluorescence (ΔTF). In the current study, empirical correlations for ΔUV(254) and ΔTF were developed for the oxidation of 18 trace organic contaminants (TOrCs), including 1,4-dioxane, atenolol, atrazine, bisphenol A, carbamazepine, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, meprobamate, naproxen, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA), phenytoin, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, triclosan, trimethoprim, and tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) (R(2) = 0.50-0.83) and the inactivation of three microbial surrogates, including Escherichia coli, MS2, and Bacillus subtilis spores (R(2) = 0.46-0.78). Nine wastewaters were tested in laboratory systems, and eight wastewaters were evaluated at pilot- and full-scale. A predictive model for OH exposure based on ΔUV(254) or ΔTF was also proposed.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

684228

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d₆ (99.6 atom % D), NMR tube size 10 mm × 8 in.

704814

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 10 mM in D₂O ("100%", 99.96 atom % D), NMR tube size 5 mm × 7 in.

736171

Supelco

1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d₆ (99.6 atom % D), NMR tube size 5 mm × 8 in.

631868

Supelco

1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 5 mM in chloroform-d (99.8 atom % D), NMR tube size 3 mm × 8 in.

CRM48367

Supelco

1,4-Dioxane solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol, ampule of 1 mL

631833

Supelco

1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 5 mM in benzene-d₆ (99.6 atom % D), NMR tube size 3 mm × 8 in.

551368

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d₆ (99.6 atom % D)

612073

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d₆ (99.6 atom % D), chromium(III) acetylacetonate 5 mg/mL, NMR tube size 3 mm × 8 in.

611905

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d₆ (99.6 atom % D), chromium(III) acetylacetonate 5 mg/mL, NMR tube size 5 mm × 8 in.

76887

Supelco

1,4-Dioxane, analytical standard

676934

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane, ACS reagent, ≥99.0%

33147

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)

360481

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane, ACS reagent, ≥99.0%, contains ≤25 ppm BHT as stabilizer

D201863

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99%, contains ≤25 ppm BHT as stabilizer

34857

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.5%

296309

Sigma-Aldrich

1,4-Dioxane, anhydrous, 99.8%, contains <=25 ppm BHT as stabilizer