Benzene absorption in animals and man: an overview.

Benzene is a widespread, naturally occurring substance of environmental concern as systemic exposure in humans is proven to be carcinogenic. Dermal exposure is a common and significant route of systemic entry and percutaneous absorption is critical in exposure risk assessment. This article reviews the scientific principles, methodologies, and research behind the multiple steps of the percutaneous absorption of benzene in animals and man and the application of this information to optimize exposure risk assessments. A focus on occupational exposures to benzene is made with an exploration of the limitations of current preventative measures and hazard assessments. Finally, recommendations for future research to fill existing knowledge gaps are made.