Advances in the electrochemical conversion of water to and from hydrogen and oxygen have principally been achieved through the development of new materials and by understanding the mechanisms of the degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) during operation.
This page clarifies sample preparation, buffer exchange and desalting, removal of lipoproteins, phenol red, and low molecular weight contaminants in Ion exchange chromatography.
While dye sensitization as the basis for color photography has been accepted for a very long time,1 attempts to use this principle for the conversion of solar light to electricity generally had resulted only in very low photocurrents, below 100