High-performance liquid chromatography enantioseparation of atropisomeric 4,4'-bipyridines on polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases: Impact of substituents and electronic properties.

The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) enantioseparation of eleven atropisomeric 4,4'-bipyridines was performed in the normal and polar organic phase mode using three cellulose-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs), namely Lux Cellulose-1, Lux Cellulose-2, Lux Cellulose-4, and two amylose-based CSPs, Chiralpak AD-H and Lux Amylose-2. n-Hexane/2-propanol mixtures and pure ethanol were employed as mobile phases. The combined use of Chiralpak AD-H and Lux Cellulose-2 allowed to enantioseparate all the considered bipyridines. Ten bipyridines were enantioseparated at the multimilligram level allowing the elution sequence determination of the enantiomers as well as their future use for the preparation of homochiral metal organic frameworks (MOFs). Moreover, the performance of the CSPs regarding the same bipyridine was different and dependent on the backbone as well as on the side chain of the polymer. The impact of substitution pattern, shape and electronic properties of the molecules on the separation behavior was investigated through the evaluation of retention factors (k), separation factors (α), resolution (R(s)) and molecular properties determined using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In this regard, the substituents at the 3,3',5,5' positions of the 4,4'-bipyridyl rings exhibited a pivotal role on the enantioseparation.