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Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Supelco

Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 51143093, Vanillin, traceable to primary standards (LGC)

Supelco

Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol

Supelco

Ethanol standards 10% (v/v), 10 % (v/v) in H₂O, analytical standard

USP

Propylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.7%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)

Supelco

1-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, Molecular Biology, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, ACS reagent, ≥99.4%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.8%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, 99.9%

Supelco

1-Butanol, analytical standard

Supelco

Dehydrated Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure 190 proof, for molecular biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol Fixative 80% v/v, suitable for fixing solution (blood films)

USP

Acetone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, HPLC Plus, for HPLC, GC, and residue analysis, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, Laboratory Reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.8%

Supelco

Acetone, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%

Supelco

Acetonitrile(Neat), Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, histological grade, ≥99.5%

Supelco

2-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

2-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

2-Butanol, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99%