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Ameliorating effect of S-2(ω-aminoalkylamino) alkylaryl sulfide (DRDE-07) on sulfur mustard analogue, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Shekhar D Sawale et al.

Toxicology mechanisms and methods, 23(9), 702-710 (2013-09-13)

Sulfur mustard (SM; 2,2'-dichloro diethyl sulfide), an alkylating chemical warfare agent, poses a major threat in both military conflict and chemical terrorism situations. 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) is a monofunctional analogue of SM, frequently used in laboratory settings, therefore increasing

Comparative toxicity of mono- and bifunctional alkylating homologues of sulphur mustard in human skin keratinocytes.

Thomas W Sawyer et al.

Toxicology, 382, 36-46 (2017-03-13)

Sulphur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl) sulphide; agent H) is a vesicant chemical warfare (CW) agent whose mechanism of action is not known with any certainty and for which there are no effective antidotes. It has a pronounced latent period before signs and

Sulfur mustard analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-induced skin injury involves DNA damage and induction of inflammatory mediators, in part via oxidative stress, in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin.

Anil K Jain et al.

Toxicology letters, 205(3), 293-301 (2011-07-05)

Bifunctional alkyalating agent, sulfur mustard (SM)-induced cutaneous injury is characterized by inflammation and delayed blistering. Our recent studies demonstrated that 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a monofunctional analog of SM that can be used in laboratory settings, induces oxidative stress. This

Modified immunoslotblot assay to detect hemi and sulfur mustard DNA adducts.

Kai Kehe et al.

Chemico-biological interactions, 206(3), 523-528 (2013-08-13)

Sulfur mustard (SM) is an old chemical warfare agent causing blisters (vesicant). Skin toxicity is thought to be partly caused by SM induced DNA damage. SM and the hemi mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) are bi- and monofunctional DNA alkylating

Protection against 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES)-induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes by an inducer of the glutathione detoxification pathway.

Erika L Abel et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 255(2), 176-183 (2011-07-05)

Sulfur mustard (SM or mustard gas) was first used as a chemical warfare agent almost 100years ago. Due to its toxic effects on the eyes, lungs, and skin, and the relative ease with which it may be synthesized, mustard gas

Investigation of anticholinergic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory prodrugs which reduce chemically induced skin inflammation.

Sherri C Young et al.

Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 32(2), 135-141 (2011-02-15)

As part of a continuous effort to develop efficient counter measures against sulfur mustard injuries, several unique NSAID prodrugs have been developed and screened for anti-inflammatory properties. Presented herein are three classes of prodrugs which dually target inflammation and cholinergic

Efficacy of scalp hair decontamination following exposure to vapours of sulphur mustard simulants 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulphide and methyl salicylate.

Marie Spiandore et al.

Chemico-biological interactions, 267, 74-79 (2016-08-06)

Chemical warfare agents are an actual threat and victims' decontamination is a main concern when mass exposure occurs. Skin decontamination with current protocols has been widely documented, as well as surface decontamination. However, considering hair ability to trap chemicals in

Induction of neuronal damage in guinea pig brain by intratracheal infusion of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, a mustard gas analog.

Jessica Gadsden-Gray et al.

Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology, 26(1), 23-30 (2011-09-08)

Intratracheal infusion of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a mustard gas analog and a chemical warfare agent is known to cause massive damage to lung. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intratracheal CEES infusion causes neuronal damage. Histological

An improved method for retrospective quantification of sulfur mustard exposure by detection of its albumin adduct using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

ChangCai Liu et al.

Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 407(23), 7037-7046 (2015-07-15)

Sulfur mustard (HD) adduct to human serum albumin (ALB) at Cys-34 residue has become an important and long-term retrospective biomarker of HD exposure. Here, a novel, sensitive, and convenient approach for retrospective quantification of HD concentration exposed to plasma was

Detection of vesicant-induced upper airway mucosa damage in the hamster cheek pouch model using optical coherence tomography.

Marie J Hammer-Wilson et al.

Journal of biomedical optics, 15(1), 016017-016017 (2010-03-10)

Hamster cheek pouches were exposed to 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide [CEES, half-mustard gas (HMG)] at a concentration of 0.4, 2.0, or 5.0 mg/ml for 1 or 5 min. Twenty-four hours post-HMG exposure, tissue damage was assessed by both stereomicrography and optical

Airway tissue factor-dependent coagulation activity in response to sulfur mustard analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide.

Raymond C Rancourt et al.

American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 302(1), L82-L92 (2011-10-04)

Acute lung injury is a principal cause of morbidity and mortality in response to mustard gas (SM) inhalation. Obstructive, fibrin-containing airway casts have recently been reported in a rat inhalation model employing the SM analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The

The immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on long term pulmonary complications in an animal model exposed to a sulfur mustard analog.

Somaye Sadeghi et al.

International immunopharmacology, 80, 105879-105879 (2019-11-27)

Sulfur Mustard (SM) is one of the most lethal chemicals with major complications manifested in the lungs. Although the pathogenesis behind SM-induced lung injury still remains poorly understood, prolonged activation and the imbalance of two major macrophage populations (M1 and

Selective targeting of selenocysteine in thioredoxin reductase by the half mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide in lung epithelial cells.

Yi-Hua Jan et al.

Chemical research in toxicology, 23(6), 1045-1053 (2010-03-30)

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenocysteine-containing flavoprotein that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized thioredoxin and plays a key role in regulating cellular redox homeostasis. In the present studies, we examined the effects of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a model

Facility monitoring of chemical warfare agent simulants in air using an automated, field-deployable, miniature mass spectrometer.

Jonell N Smith et al.

Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM, 25(10), 1437-1444 (2011-04-20)

Vapors of four chemical warfare agent (CWA) stimulants, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), diethyl malonate (DEM), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), and methyl salicylate (MeS), were detected, identified, and quantitated using a fully automated, field-deployable, miniature mass spectrometer. Samples were ionized using a

Physics-based agent to simulant correlations for vapor phase mass transport.

Matthew P Willis et al.

Journal of hazardous materials, 263 Pt 2, 479-485 (2013-11-15)

Chemical warfare agent simulants are often used as an agent surrogate to perform environmental testing, mitigating exposure hazards. This work specifically addresses the assessment of downwind agent vapor concentration resulting from an evaporating simulant droplet. A previously developed methodology was

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor prevents airway obstruction, respiratory failure and death due to sulfur mustard analog inhalation.

Raymond C Rancourt et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 272(1), 86-95 (2013-06-04)

Sulfur mustard (SM) inhalation causes airway injury, with enhanced vascular permeability, coagulation, and airway obstruction. The objective of this study was to determine whether recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) could inhibit this pathogenic sequence. Rats were exposed to the

Metabolism of F18, a Derivative of Calanolide A, in Human Liver Microsomes and Cytosol.

Xiangmeng Wu et al.

Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 479-479 (2017-08-05)

10-Chloromethyl-11-demethyl-12-oxo-calanolide (F18), an analog of calanolide A, is a novel potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor against HIV-1. Here, we report the metabolic profile and the results of associated biochemical studies of F18

Biological and molecular mechanisms of sulfur mustard analogue-induced toxicity in JB6 and HaCaT cells: possible role of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated/ataxia telangiectasia-Rad3-related cell cycle checkpoint pathway.

Neera Tewari-Singh et al.

Chemical research in toxicology, 23(6), 1034-1044 (2010-05-18)

Effective medical treatment and preventive measures for chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD)-caused incapacitating skin toxicity are lacking, because of limited knowledge of its mechanism of action. The proliferating basal epidermal cells are primary major sites of attack during HD-caused

Extracellular nucleic acid scavenging rescues rats from sulfur mustard analog-induced lung injury and mortality.

Nithya Mariappan et al.

Archives of toxicology, 94(4), 1321-1334 (2020-03-12)

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly toxic war chemical that causes significant morbidity and mortality and lacks any effective therapy. Rats exposed to aerosolized CEES (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide; 10% in ethanol), an analog of SM, developed acute respiratory distress syndrome

Mechanisms of Skin Toxicity Associated with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Negative Allosteric Modulators.

Falgun Shah et al.

Cell chemical biology, 24(7), 858-869 (2017-07-04)

Cutaneous reactions represent one of the most common adverse drug effects observed in clinical trials leading to substantial compound attrition. Three negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which represent an important target for neurological diseases, developed by

2,6-Dithiopurine, a nucleophilic scavenger, protects against mutagenesis in mouse skin treated in vivo with 2-(chloroethyl) ethyl sulfide, a mustard gas analog.

Stephen Boulware et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 263(2), 203-209 (2012-06-27)

Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, SM] is a well-known DNA-damaging agent that has been used in chemical warfare since World War I, and is a weapon that could potentially be used in a terrorist attack on a civilian population. Dermal exposure to

Research on the interaction of hydrogen-bond acidic polymer sensitive sensor materials with chemical warfare agents simulants by inverse gas chromatography.

Liu Yang et al.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 15(6), 12884-12890 (2015-06-05)

Hydrogen-bond acidic polymers are important high affinity materials sensitive to organophosphates in the chemical warfare agent sensor detection process. Interactions between the sensor sensitive materials and chemical warfare agent simulants were studied by inverse gas chromatography. Hydrogen bonded acidic polymers

Analysis of chemical warfare agents by portable Raman spectrometer with both 785nm and 1064nm excitation.

Tomohide Kondo et al.

Forensic science international, 291, 23-38 (2018-08-21)

The Raman spectra of twenty-two chemical warfare agents (CWAs) were measured: eleven nerve agents and their precursor, five blister agents, three lachrymators, one choking agent, and one vomit agent, in liquid or solid state in colorless transparent vials were analyzed

Role of TNFR1 in lung injury and altered lung function induced by the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide.

Vasanthi R Sunil et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 250(3), 245-255 (2010-11-13)

Lung toxicity induced by sulfur mustard is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. To elucidate mechanisms mediating pulmonary damage, we used 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a model sulfur mustard vesicant. Male mice (B6129) were treated intratracheally with CEES (3 or

Sulforaphane induces phase II detoxication enzymes in mouse skin and prevents mutagenesis induced by a mustard gas analog.

E L Abel et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 266(3), 439-442 (2012-12-04)

Mustard gas, used in chemical warfare since 1917, is a mutagenic and carcinogenic agent that produces severe dermal lesions for which there are no effective therapeutics; it is currently seen as a potential terrorist threat to civilian populations. Sulforaphane, found

Silibinin attenuates sulfur mustard analog-induced skin injury by targeting multiple pathways connecting oxidative stress and inflammation.

Neera Tewari-Singh et al.

PloS one, 7(9), e46149-e46149 (2012-10-03)

Chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD) inflicts delayed blistering and incapacitating skin injuries. To identify effective countermeasures against HD-induced skin injuries, efficacy studies were carried out employing HD analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES)-induced injury biomarkers in skin cells and SKH-1

Ion mobility spectrometers and electron capture detector - A comparison of detection capabilities.

Edyta Budzyńska et al.

Talanta, 194, 259-265 (2019-01-06)

Electron capture detectors (ECDs) and detectors used in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) have been successfully used for the detection of numerous compounds including hazardous substances. The general principles of their operations are similar and based on sample component ionization and

Treatment with the catalytic metalloporphyrin AEOL 10150 reduces inflammation and oxidative stress due to inhalation of the sulfur mustard analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide.

Heidi C O'Neill et al.

Free radical biology & medicine, 48(9), 1188-1196 (2010-02-09)

Sulfur mustard (bis-2-(chloroethyl) sulfide; SM) is a highly reactive vesicating and alkylating chemical warfare agent. A SM analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), has been utilized to elucidate mechanisms of toxicity and as a screen for therapeutics. Previous studies with SM

Antioxidant liposomes protect against CEES-induced lung injury by decreasing SAF-1/MAZ-mediated inflammation in the guinea pig lung.

Sutapa Mukhopadhyay et al.

Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology, 24(3), 187-194 (2010-06-29)

We reported earlier in a guinea pig model that exposure of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a mustard gas analog, causes lung injury associated with the activation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling, and activator

Regulation of Hsp27 and Hsp70 expression in human and mouse skin construct models by caveolae following exposure to the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide.

Adrienne T Black et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 253(2), 112-120 (2011-04-05)

Dermal exposure to the vesicant sulfur mustard causes marked inflammation and tissue damage. Basal keratinocytes appear to be a major target of sulfur mustard. In the present studies, mechanisms mediating skin toxicity were examined using a mouse skin construct model

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