phr1011

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Hydrolysis of a series of parabens by skin microsomes and cytosol from human and minipigs and in whole skin in short-term culture.

Christopher Jewell et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 225(2), 221-228 (2007-09-25)

Parabens are esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and used as anti-microbial agents in a wide variety of toiletries, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is of interest to understand the dermal absorption and hydrolysis of parabens, and to evaluate their disposition after dermal

The effect of ethanol on the simultaneous transport and metabolism of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate in excised skin of Yucatan micropig.

S Y Oh et al.

International journal of pharmaceutics, 236(1-2), 35-42 (2002-03-14)

The effects of ethanol on the simultaneous transport and metabolism of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (HBM) were investigated in the skin of Yucatan micropig in vitro. It was found that transesterification occurred in the permeation studies involving ethanol. This was confirmed by

Metabolism of parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) by hepatic esterases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in man.

Suzanne Abbas et al.

Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 25(6), 568-577 (2010-10-12)

Parabens (alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) are widely used as preservatives in drugs, cosmetic products, and foodstuffs. Safety concerns have recently increased due to the potential health risks associated to exposure to large amounts of these substances. Biotransformation of parabens

Metabolic bioactivation and toxicity of ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate in human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells.

Nikhil M Vad et al.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 97(5), 1934-1945 (2007-09-12)

The metabolism and toxicity of ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HEB) were investigated in vitro using tyrosinase enzyme, a melanoma molecular target, and CYP2E1 induced rat liver microsomes, and in human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells. The results were compared to 4-hydroxyanisole (4-HA). At 90

Relating solubility data of parabens in liquid PEG 400 to the behaviour of PEG 4000-parabens solid dispersions.

Johan Unga et al.

European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 73(2), 260-268 (2009-06-11)

The solid state behaviour of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) and dispersions of a homologous series of parabens (methyl- (MP), ethyl- (EP), propyl- (PP) and butyl- (BP)) were examined and compared to the paraben solubility in liquid PEG 400. Dispersions

Estimation of the effects of longitudinal temperature gradients caused by frictional heating on the solute retention using fully porous and superficially porous sub-2μm materials.

Szabolcs Fekete et al.

Journal of chromatography. A, 1359, 124-130 (2014-07-30)

In this study, the retention changes induced by frictional heating were evaluated for model small compounds (150-190Da) and a small protein, namely insulin (5.7kDa). For this purpose, the effect of longitudinal temperature gradient caused by frictional heating was experimentally dissociated

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