Building Blocks, Resins, and Coupling Reagents for GLP-1 Synthesis
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a key hormone for type 2 diabetes treatment and is primarily produced through solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). This process involves coupling a protected amino acid—using Fmoc or BOC—with a solid support resin, such as Wang or 2-chlorotrityl resin, followed by deprotection, sequential coupling, and purification.
For researchers looking to synthesize GLP-1 and its analogs, the quality of peptide building blocks and reagents is paramount. We offer a comprehensive selection of Novabiochem® Fmoc and Boc amino acid derivatives, resins, and coupling agents specifically engineered to meet the rigorous demands of SPPS. Our premium brand, Novabiochem®, stands out in the market due to its commitment to quality—purer Fmoc derivatives lead to purer peptides, ensuring the integrity of your research.
In addition to Novabiochem®, our portfolio includes a wide range of other brands for SPPS, making us the provider with the largest breadth of offerings. Our products meet the MQ200-400 quality standard, ensuring that you can trust the consistency and reliability of your materials.
Products
Standard Fmoc and BOC Amino Acids
Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) Amino Acids
Standard Fmoc amino acids, such as Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-OH, play a fundamental role in the stepwise construction of GLP-1. While most peptide chemists focus on optimizing each synthetic step to achieve high-purity peptides, fewer fully consider the impact of starting material quality. Even small improvements in amino acid purity can significantly increase yield and reproducibility. That is why we offer advanced specifications for the 20 standard Fmoc-protected amino acid building blocks.
Our advanced specifications:
- HPLC purity ≥ 99%, with all significant amino acid-related impurities quantified and no product peak overlap
- Enantiomeric purity ≥ 99.8%
- Free amine content ≤ 0.2%, improving Fmoc stability during storage
- Acetate content ≤ 0.02% with negligible capping by-products
Benefits:
- Improved peptide yields with easier purification
- Consistent impurity profiles of crude peptides for smoother scale-up and fewer GMP regulatory hurdles
- Reduced synthesis failures and simpler troubleshooting due to reliable amino acid building block quality
BOC (Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl) Amino Acids
In sequence-dependent synthesis workflows, to introduce specific amino acid residues via BOC-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).
Unloaded Resins for Fmoc SPPS
Our comprehensive portfolio of peptide synthesis resins supports efficient solid-phase synthesis of GLP-1. From traditional MBHA and Rink amide resins to advanced preloaded and specialty supports, each is optimized for reliable Fmoc SPPS, high purity, and ease of cleavage, helping you build peptide acids, amides, and complex modifications with confidence.
MBHA (4-methylbenzhydrylamine resin) is a solid-phase support used in the synthesis of C-terminal amide peptides. The resin can be cleaved from the peptide using hydrofluoric acid (HF) or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA).
Rink Amide MBHA resin (100-200 mesh) features a modified Rink amide linker attached via norleucine to the MBHA resin. It is an ideal tool for the Fmoc SPPS of peptide amides. This resin can be cleaved in a single step using 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), yielding peptide amides with high yields and purity.
Rink Amide AM resin (200-400 mesh) features a modified Rink amide linker attached via norleucine to aminomethylpolystyrene. It is an ideal tool for Fmoc SPPS of peptide amides. The resin can be cleaved in a single step using 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).
NovaSyn® TGA resin (90 µm) is used in both continuous flow and batch Fmoc SPPS of peptide acids. It is derived from NovaSyn® TG amino resin (90 μm) through derivatization with the TFA labile 4-hydroxymethylphenoxyacetic acid linker.
Sieber Amide resin is a hyper acid-labile resin designed for Fmoc SPPS of protected peptide amides through mild 1% TFA cleavage. This resin can also be reductively alkylated, providing a support suitable for the synthesis of secondary carboxamides.
Weinreb AM resin is useful for the production of peptide aldehydes and carboxaldehydes. The Fmoc group can be cleaved using 20% piperidine in dimethylformamide (DMF).
[3-((Methyl-Fmoc-amino)-methyl)indol-1-yl] acetyl AM resin is an extremely useful support for the production of N-methyl substituted carboxamides and sulfonamides, as well as peptide N-methylamides.
Preloaded Resins for SPPS
Preloaded resins are used in the solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of GLP-1 and its analogues during the initial stages of peptide assembly. They are specifically designed for the incorporation of the C-terminal amino acid of the target peptide.
Merrifield′s peptide resin is a cross-linked polystyrene resin functionalized with chloromethyl groups. It is used as a solid support for the automated, stepwise synthesis of GLP-1.
Rink amide 4-methylbenzhydrylamine, polymer-bound, is used for Fmoc-based SPPS of peptide amides. This solid support features a modified Rink amide linker attached to the MBHA resin. The peptide is cleaved using 95% TFA.
Fmoc-Ala-Wang resin (100-200 mesh) is a pre-loaded resin used for the synthesis of peptide acids that contain a C-terminal alanine amino acid residue through Fmoc SPPS.
Chlorotrityl resin is a preloaded resin used for the synthesis of protected peptide acids that contain a C-terminal proline amino acid residue through Fmoc SPPS.
H-Gly-Sulfamylbutyryl NovaSyn® TG resin is a pre-loaded safety-catch resin used for the synthesis of C-terminally modified glycine peptides through Fmoc SPPS. The resin can be cleaved using TMS-diazomethane.
Coupling Reagents for GLP-1 Peptide Synthesis
Selecting the optimal coupling reagent is crucial for high‑yield, low‑racemization peptide construction. We offer a tailored selection of coupling reagents, including C‑free uronium and phosphonium types, ensuring compatibility with challenging sequences and reproducibility across batches.
Pyoxim is used as a coupling reagent in SPPS and in fragment condensation. It offers low racemization rates and facilitates the formation of high-purity peptides.
N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is used to mediate peptide coupling and to activate carboxylic acids for esterification.
K-Oxyma is ideal for use with mild acid-labile resins like 2-chlorotrityl. Its more alkaline nature helps preserve peptide-resin integrity, reducing premature cleavage during synthesis.
Often used in combination with 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt), diisopropylcarbodiimide is widely applied in SPPS to promote efficient amide bond formation in peptide coupling.
N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC HCl or WSC) is a water-soluble condensing reagent used for peptide coupling in alcohols. EDAC can be combined with HOBt to synthesize poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) polypeptides, which are useful for creating non-fouling polypeptides in biomedical applications.
N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) is a widely used tertiary amine base in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), including the synthesis of GLP-1 analogues. Its steric hindrance and low nucleophilicity help suppress undesired side reactions during activation and coupling steps, improving overall peptide purity and yield. DIPEA’s compatibility with common coupling reagents like HATU and DIC makes it a reliable choice for efficient amide bond formation in complex peptide sequences.
PyAOP (7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yloxy)trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) is an extremely effective coupling reagent that mediates amide bond formation with the efficiency of HATU, but without the risk of guanidine formation. This makes it the reagent of choice for peptide cyclization.
Unnatural Amino Acids for Therapeutic Peptide Synthesis
Unnatural amino acids are powerful tools for fine-tuning the structure and function of peptides. By expanding the traditional amino acid repertoire, these building blocks help improve protease resistance, enhance stability, and enable precise site-specific modifications. From modified lysines for late-stage conjugation to stereochemically unique residues like DL-isoserine, our portfolio supports innovative peptide synthesis strategies.
L-tert-Leucine is an amino acid used as a building block for GLP-1 and its analogs. Its structural properties enhance stability, protease resistance, and the pharmacokinetic profile of therapeutic peptides.
Fmoc-L-K4COpip1aa(tBu)-OH is a complex side chain-modified lysine used for late-stage functionalization or for sites of conjugation, such as attaching fatty acids, linkers, or other modification motifs in the preparation of GLP-1 or its analogs.
Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) can be used as a tridentate ligand to chelate metal ions. In solid-phase peptide synthesis, it serves as a selectively cleavable linker, enabling the controlled release of peptides from the resin.
DL-Isoserine serves as a building block in SPPS due to its distinct stereochemistry and side chain properties, which differ from those of L-serine. This unique structure allows for specific structural or conformational modifications in peptides. As a result, incorporating DL-isoserine can influence peptide folding, stability, and receptor binding in experimental GLP-1 analogs.
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