Skip to Content

CN

CRISPR Diversity in E. coli Isolates from Australian Animals, Humans and Environmental Waters.

CRISPR Diversity in E. coli Isolates from Australian Animals, Humans and Environmental Waters.

PloS one (2015-05-07)

Maxim S Sheludchenko, Flavia Huygens, Helen Stratton, Megan Hargreaves

ABSTRACT

Seventy four SNP genotypes and 54 E. coli genomes from kangaroo, Tasmanian devil, reptile, cattle, dog, horse, duck, bird, fish, rodent, human and environmental water sources were screened for the presence of the CRISPR 2.1 loci flanked by cas2 and iap genes. CRISPR 2.1 regions were found in 49% of the strains analysed. The majority of human E. coli isolates lacked the CRISPR 2.1 locus. We described 76 CRISPR 2.1 positive isolates originating from Australian animals and humans, which contained a total of 764 spacer sequences. CRISPR arrays demonstrated a long history of phage attacks especially in isolates from birds (up to 40 spacers). The most prevalent spacer (1.6%) was an ancient spacer found mainly in human, horse, duck, rodent, reptile and environmental water sources. The sequence of this spacer matched the intestinal P7 phage and the pO111 plasmid of E. coli.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Supelco

Ethanol standards 10% (v/v), 10 % (v/v) in H₂O, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, anhydrous, ≥99%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, anhydrous, contains amylenes as stabilizer, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, ≥99%, PCR Reagent, contains amylenes as stabilizer

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol Fixative 80% v/v, suitable for fixing solution (blood films)

Sigma-Aldrich

Liquified Phenol, ≥89.0%

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol solution, Saturated with 0.01 M citrate buffer, pH 4.3 ± 0.2, BioReagent, Molecular Biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, meets USP testing specifications

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, ACS reagent, meets USP testing specifications, Excise Tax-free, Permit for use required

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, ACS reagent, meets USP testing specifications, Excise Tax-free, Permit for use required

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, anhydrous, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, ACS spectrophotometric grade, 95.0%

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol solution, Equilibrated with 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, BioReagent, Molecular Biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, ACS reagent, ≥99.0%

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-100.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, puriss., ≥99.5% (GC), meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, crystalline (detached)

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, ≥96.0% (calc. on dry substance, T)

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.5-100.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, unstabilized, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, unstabilized, purified by redistillation, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, BioXtra, ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, Molecular Biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, BioUltra, Molecular Biology, TE-saturated, ~73% (T)

Sigma-Aldrich

Phenol, natural, 97%, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 160 proof, Excise Tax-free, Permit for use required