Comparison of the associations between appendicular lean mass adjustment methods and cardiometabolic factors.

To compare the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between appendicular lean mass (ALM) and cardiometabolic risk factors according to body-size adjustment methods and the contributions of genetic and/or environmental factors to the correlations between those traits. Regression coefficients per sex-specific 1 standard deviation in bodyweight (wt), body mass index (BMI), or height-squared (ht2) adjusted ALM (assessed using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) and a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) at baseline)/changes in these indices (assessed using BIA) were compared in terms of their associations with blood pressure (BP), lipid profiles, and insulin resistance profiles in 2655 participants for cross-sectional analysis and 332 participants for longitudinal analysis (follow-up time, 32.2 ± 7.9 months). A bivariate genetic analysis of the genetic/environmental cross-trait correlations was conducted to determine their cross-sectional relationships. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and BMI in the analysis for ALM/ht2, ALM/wt and ALM/BMI had favorable associations with all cardiometabolic risk factors, while ALM/ht2 had favorable associations with some risk factors. In longitudinal associations, changes in ALM/wt and ALM/BMI had inverse associations with increments of lipid profiles, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA), while change in ALM/ht2 did not have associations with increments of cardiometabolic risk factors. ALM/ht2 had genetic correlations with seven of nine risk factors; ALM/wt and ALM/BMI had correlations with three and one risk factors, respectively. ALM/wt and ALM/BMI are better indicators for cardiometabolic risk factors; genetic factors may contribute more to the correlations between ALM/ht2 and those traits.