Differential Dose- and Tissue-Dependent Effects of foxo on Aging, Metabolic and Proteostatic Pathways.

Aging is the gradual deterioration of physiological functions that culminates in death. Several studies across a wide range of model organisms have revealed the involvement of FOXO (forkhead box, class O) transcription factors in orchestrating metabolic homeostasis, as well as in regulating longevity. To study possible dose- or tissue-dependent effects of sustained foxo overexpression, we utilized two different Drosophila transgenic lines expressing high and relatively low foxo levels and overexpressed foxo, either ubiquitously or in a tissue-specific manner. We found that ubiquitous foxo overexpression (OE) accelerated aging, induced the early onset of age-related phenotypes, increased sensitivity to thermal stress, and deregulated metabolic and proteostatic pathways; these phenotypes were more intense in transgenic flies expressing high levels of foxo. Interestingly, there is a defined dosage of foxo OE in muscles and cardiomyocytes that shifts energy resources into longevity pathways and thus ameliorates not only tissue but also organismal age-related defects. Further, we found that foxo OE stimulates in an Nrf2/cncC dependent-manner, counteracting proteostatic pathways, e.g., the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which is central in ameliorating the aberrant foxo OE-mediated toxicity. These findings highlight the differential dose- and tissue-dependent effects of foxo on aging, metabolic and proteostatic pathways, along with the foxo-Nrf2/cncC functional crosstalk.