Cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Val)

RGD peptides are fibronectin fragments that guide integrin-induced cell attachment, proliferation and migration. Cyclic RGD peptides containing D-Phe, such as cRGDfV, are selective antagonists of α_νβ₃ and α_νβ₅ integrins that inhibit the binding of these integrins to vitronectin. cRGDfV inhibits angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. cRGDfV also blocks cellular adhesion and may induce apoptosis in cells bearing surface α_νβ₃ integrin, although its anti-tumor effect may be primarily due to its antiangiogenic action.